Stop Over-Engineering Search: Native PostgreSQL + Quarkus Beats Elasticsearch for Most Apps

Implement lightning-fast, stemmed blog search with tsquery, ts_rank, and a Qute UI — all inside your Java stack.

Dec 18, 2025

A Hands-On Tutorial for Java Developers

PostgreSQL ships with a built-in full-text search engine.
Most teams overlook it and deploy Elasticsearch, even when they only need simple document or blog search. Anything short of multi-node distributed indexing can often stay inside the database.

In this tutorial, you build a small blog engine with:

PostgreSQL full-text search (tsvector, tsquery)
Stemming and ranking (ts_rank)
A generated column for automatic index updates
A Qute front end for interactive search

This is enough for documentation search, a basic blog engine, or internal wiki search.

Prerequisites

You need:

Java 17+
Quarkus 3.18+
Maven or Quarkus CLI
Podman (or Docker) for Dev Services

Project creation:

quarkus create app com.example:blog-search \
  --extensions='jdbc-postgresql,hibernate-orm,flyway,rest-jackson,rest-qute,qute'

cd blog-search

Database Schema: Generated tsvector Column

PostgreSQL keeps search indexes updated automatically using a generated column. We use the import.sql script to modify the table after start.

Create src/main/resources/import.sql:

-- Note: This script runs after Hibernate creates the table
ALTER TABLE articles ADD COLUMN search_vector tsvector GENERATED ALWAYS AS (
    setweight(to_tsvector(’english’, coalesce(title, ‘’)), ‘A’)
    ||
    setweight(to_tsvector(’english’, coalesce(content, ‘’)), ‘B’)
) STORED;

CREATE INDEX IF NOT EXISTS idx_articles_search_vector ON articles USING GIN (search_vector);

Why this matters:

Title gets high weight (A)
Content gets medium weight (B)
GIN index gives excellent performance
Database keeps search_vector in sync on insert/update

No application code needed.

Make sure to also add the following to your application.properties

quarkus.hibernate-orm.schema-management.strategy = drop-and-create

And if you ask me, if this is the correct way to do things, I am hesitating. I would not use this path in production for various reasons. You might want to consider Flyway and a real schema migration. For this simple demo it is indeed sufficient.

The JPA Entity

src/main/java/com/example/Article.java:

package com.example;

import java.time.Instant;

import jakarta.persistence.Column;
import jakarta.persistence.Entity;
import jakarta.persistence.GeneratedValue;
import jakarta.persistence.GenerationType;
import jakarta.persistence.Id;
import jakarta.persistence.Table;

@Entity
@Table(name = “articles”)
public class Article {

    @Id
    @GeneratedValue(strategy = GenerationType.IDENTITY)
    public Long id;

    public String title;

    public String url;

    @Column(columnDefinition = “text”)
    public String content;

    @Column(name = “created_at”)
    public Instant createdAt;
}

You do not map the tsvector column. PostgreSQL handles it.

Add Ranking to the JPA Repository

We return both the article and the rank.
For that we define a projection record.

Create a DTO:

src/main/java/com/example/ArticleSearchResult.java:

package com.example;

public record ArticleSearchResult(Long id, String title, String url, String snippet, float rank, int matchPercentage) {
}

We use ts_headline to generate a small highlighted excerpt.

Now the repository:

src/main/java/com/example/ArticleRepository.java:

package com.example;

import java.util.List;
import java.util.stream.Collectors;

import jakarta.enterprise.context.ApplicationScoped;
import jakarta.inject.Inject;
import jakarta.persistence.EntityManager;
import jakarta.persistence.Tuple;

@ApplicationScoped
public class ArticleRepository {

    @Inject
    EntityManager entityManager;

    public List<ArticleSearchResult> search(String query) {
        var sql = “”“
                SELECT a.id AS id,
                       a.title AS title,
                       a.url AS url,
                       ts_headline(’english’, a.content, plainto_tsquery(:q)) AS snippet,
                       ts_rank(a.search_vector, plainto_tsquery(:q)) AS rank
                FROM articles a
                WHERE a.search_vector @@ plainto_tsquery(:q)
                ORDER BY rank DESC
                LIMIT 50
                “”“;

        @SuppressWarnings(”unchecked”)
        List<Tuple> results = entityManager.createNativeQuery(sql, Tuple.class)
                .setParameter(”q”, query)
                .getResultList();

        return results.stream().map(t -> {
            Long id = (Long) t.get(”id”);
            String title = (String) t.get(”title”);
            String url = (String) t.get(”url”);
            String snippet = (String) t.get(”snippet”);
            Number rankNum = (Number) t.get(”rank”);
            float rank = rankNum != null ? rankNum.floatValue() : 0.0f;
            // Calculate percentage match (ts_rank returns 0-1, convert to 0-100)
            int matchPercentage = Math.round(rank * 100);
            return new ArticleSearchResult(id, title, url, snippet, rank, matchPercentage);
        }).collect(Collectors.toList());
    }

    public void insert(Article article) {
        entityManager.persist(article);
    }

    public List<Article> recent(int limit) {
        return entityManager.createQuery(”SELECT a FROM Article a ORDER BY a.createdAt DESC”, Article.class)
                .setMaxResults(limit)
                .getResultList()
                .stream()
                .collect(Collectors.toList());
    }
}

Here you get:

ts_rank for ordering
ts_headline for snippets
Clean projection record

Seeder: Insert Articles

For this demo, I am using my Substack posts. You can download your post archive and it will give you a complete list of files in the format <ID.>title.of.the.post.html.

The title of the post minus ID and suffix becomes the url slug. I am adding three simple files to the demo repository. But I also ran this with >200 articles locally.

src/main/java/com/example/ArticleSeeder.java:

package com.example;

import java.io.IOException;
import java.net.URI;
import java.net.URL;
import java.nio.charset.StandardCharsets;
import java.nio.file.FileSystem;
import java.nio.file.FileSystems;
import java.nio.file.Files;
import java.nio.file.Path;
import java.nio.file.Paths;
import java.time.Instant;
import java.util.Collections;
import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicInteger;
import java.util.regex.Pattern;
import java.util.stream.Stream;

import io.quarkus.runtime.StartupEvent;
import jakarta.enterprise.context.ApplicationScoped;
import jakarta.enterprise.event.Observes;
import jakarta.inject.Inject;
import jakarta.transaction.Transactional;

@ApplicationScoped
public class ArticleSeeder {

    private static final Pattern HTML_TAG_PATTERN = Pattern.compile(”<[^>]*>”);
    private static final Pattern MULTIPLE_SPACES = Pattern.compile(”\\s+”);

    @Inject
    ArticleRepository repo;

    void onStart(@Observes StartupEvent ev) {
        seedArticles();
    }

    @Transactional
    void seedArticles() {
        try {
            URL postsUrl = getClass().getClassLoader().getResource(”posts”);
            if (postsUrl == null) {
                System.err.println(”Posts directory not found in resources”);
                return;
            }

            Path postsPath = null;
            FileSystem fileSystem = null;

            try {
                URI uri = postsUrl.toURI();
                
                if (”file”.equals(uri.getScheme())) {
                    // Running from filesystem (dev mode)
                    postsPath = Paths.get(uri);
                } else if (”jar”.equals(uri.getScheme())) {
                    // Running from JAR
                    try {
                        fileSystem = FileSystems.newFileSystem(uri, Collections.emptyMap());
                        postsPath = fileSystem.getPath(”posts”);
                    } catch (IOException e) {
                        // FileSystem might already be open, try to get existing one
                        fileSystem = FileSystems.getFileSystem(uri);
                        postsPath = fileSystem.getPath(”posts”);
                    }
                } else {
                    System.err.println(”Unsupported resource URI scheme: “ + uri.getScheme());
                    return;
                }

                if (postsPath == null || !Files.exists(postsPath)) {
                    System.err.println(”Posts path does not exist”);
                    return;
                }

                AtomicInteger processedCount = new AtomicInteger(0);
                try (Stream<Path> paths = Files.walk(postsPath)) {
                    paths.filter(Files::isRegularFile)
                         .filter(p -> p.toString().endsWith(”.html”))
                         .forEach(htmlPath -> {
                             try {
                                String filename = htmlPath.getFileName().toString();
                                String htmlContent = Files.readString(htmlPath, StandardCharsets.UTF_8);
                                String title = extractTitleFromFilename(filename);
                                String url = extractUrlFromFilename(filename);
                                String plainText = stripHtmlTags(htmlContent);
                                
                                Article article = new Article();
                                article.title = title;
                                article.url = url;
                                article.content = plainText;
                                article.createdAt = Instant.now();
                                 
                                 repo.insert(article);
                                 processedCount.incrementAndGet();
                             } catch (IOException e) {
                                 System.err.println(”Error processing file: “ + htmlPath + “ - “ + e.getMessage());
                             }
                         });
                }
                
                System.out.println(”Processed “ + processedCount.get() + “ articles”);
            } finally {
                if (fileSystem != null) {
                    fileSystem.close();
                }
            }
        } catch (Exception e) {
            System.err.println(”Error initializing article seeder: “ + e.getMessage());
            e.printStackTrace();
        }
    }

    private String extractTitleFromFilename(String filename) {
        // Remove .html extension
        String withoutExt = filename.replace(”.html”, “”);
        // Remove leading number and dot (e.g., “171437814.”)
        String title = withoutExt.replaceFirst(”^\\d+\\.”, “”);
        // Replace hyphens with spaces and capitalize words
        String[] words = title.split(”-”);
        StringBuilder result = new StringBuilder();
        for (int i = 0; i < words.length; i++) {
            if (i > 0) {
                result.append(” “);
            }
            if (!words[i].isEmpty()) {
                result.append(Character.toUpperCase(words[i].charAt(0)));
                if (words[i].length() > 1) {
                    result.append(words[i].substring(1));
                }
            }
        }
        return result.toString();
    }

    private String extractUrlFromFilename(String filename) {
        // Remove .html extension
        String withoutExt = filename.replace(”.html”, “”);
        // Remove leading number and dot (e.g., “171437814.”)
        String slug = withoutExt.replaceFirst(”^\\d+\\.”, “”);
        // Construct URL: https://www.the-main-thread.com/p/{slug}
        return “https://www.the-main-thread.com/p/” + slug;
    }

    private String stripHtmlTags(String html) {
        // Remove HTML tags
        String text = HTML_TAG_PATTERN.matcher(html).replaceAll(” “);
        // Decode HTML entities (basic ones)
        text = text.replace(”&nbsp;”, “ “)
                   .replace(”&amp;”, “&”)
                   .replace(”&lt;”, “<”)
                   .replace(”&gt;”, “>”)
                   .replace(”&quot;”, “\”“)
                   .replace(”&#39;”, “’”);
        // Replace multiple spaces with single space
        text = MULTIPLE_SPACES.matcher(text).replaceAll(” “);
        // Trim and return
        return text.trim();
    }
}

REST Endpoint

We expose rank and snippet.

src/main/java/com/example/ArticleResource.java:

package com.example;

import java.util.List;

import jakarta.inject.Inject;
import jakarta.ws.rs.GET;
import jakarta.ws.rs.Path;
import jakarta.ws.rs.Produces;
import jakarta.ws.rs.QueryParam;
import jakarta.ws.rs.core.MediaType;

@Path(”/search”)
@Produces(MediaType.APPLICATION_JSON)
public class ArticleResource {

    @Inject
    ArticleRepository repo;

    @GET
    public List<ArticleSearchResult> search(@QueryParam(”q”) String query) {
        if (query == null || query.isBlank()) {
            return List.of();
        }
        return repo.search(query);
    }
}

Start the application:

quarkus dev

Try it:

curl "http://localhost:8080/search?q=running"

Results ordered by rank DESC.

Build a simple Qute Front End

We create a minimal page:

src/main/resources/templates/search.html

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang=”en”>
<head>
    <meta charset=”UTF-8”>
    <title>Blog Search</title>
    <style>
<!-- ommitted -->
    </style>
</head>
<body>

    <div class=”header”>
        <img src=”/logo.webp” alt=”The Main Stack Logo” class=”logo”>
        <h1>The Main Stack</h1>
    </div>

    <form>
        <input type=”text” name=”q” placeholder=”Search articles...” value=”{q ?: ‘’}”>
        <button type=”submit”>Search</button>
    </form>

    {#if results != null}
    {#if results.size > 0}
    <div style=”color: #777; font-size: 0.9em; margin-bottom: 15px;”>
        Found {results.size} {results.size == 1 ? ‘result’ : ‘results’}
    </div>
    {#for r in results}
    <div class=”item”>
        <div class=”title”><a href=”{r.url}” target=”_blank”>{r.title}</a></div>
        <div class=”match-percentage”>{r.matchPercentage}% match</div>
        <div class=”snippet”>{r.snippet.raw}</div>
    </div>
    {/for}
    {#else}
    <div style=”text-align: center; padding: 40px; color: #777;”>
        <p>No results found. Try a different search term.</p>
    </div>
    {/if}
    {/if}

</body>
</html>

Note:

{r.snippet.raw} allows Postgres <b></b> highlights from ts_headline
Simple form with GET /ui/search?q=...

Qute Controller

Serve the page using RESTEasy Classic or RESTEasy Reactive.
Here we use classic for simplicity.

Create src/main/java/com/example/SearchPage.java:

package com.example;

import java.util.List;

import io.quarkus.qute.Template;
import io.quarkus.qute.TemplateInstance;
import jakarta.inject.Inject;
import jakarta.ws.rs.GET;
import jakarta.ws.rs.Path;
import jakarta.ws.rs.Produces;
import jakarta.ws.rs.QueryParam;
import jakarta.ws.rs.core.MediaType;

@Path(”/ui/search”)
public class SearchPage {

    @Inject
    ArticleRepository repo;

    @Inject
    Template search; // matches search.html

    @GET
    @Produces(MediaType.TEXT_HTML)
    public TemplateInstance page(@QueryParam(”q”) String q) {

        List<ArticleSearchResult> results = (q == null || q.isBlank()) ? null : repo.search(q);

        return search
                .data(”q”, q)
                .data(”results”, results);
    }
}

Now open:

http://localhost:8080/ui/search

Try:

“running”
“quarkus”
“search”
“developer”

Ranking will surface the most relevant posts first.

Production Notes

This pattern works well for:

Internal knowledge bases
Product documentation
Developer portals
Small to medium content systems

Advice:

Stick with GIN indexes.
Consider language-specific analyzers.
Use ts_headline for nicer UI snippets.
Move to Elasticsearch only when you have genuine distributed indexing needs.

PostgreSQL’s built-in search is often the simplest and fastest solution.

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